Nanoporous materials as new engineered catalysts for the synthesis of green fuels.

This review summarizes the importance of nanoporous materials and their fascinating structural properties with respect to the catalytic and photocatalytic reduction of CO2 to methane, toward achieving a sustainable energy supply. The importance of catalysis as a bridge step for advanced energy systems and the associated environmental issues are stressed. A deep understanding of the fundamentals of these nanoporous solids is necessary to improve the design and efficiency of CO2 methanation. The role of the support dominates the design in terms of developing an efficient methanation catalyst, specifically with respect to ensuring enhanced metal dispersion and a long catalyst lifetime. Nanoporous materials provide the best supports for Ni, Ru, Rh, Co, Fe particles because they can prevent sintering and deactivation through coking, which otherwise blocks the metal surface as carbon accumulates. This review concludes with the major challenges facing the CO2 methanation by nanoporous materials for fuel applications.